Fry, A M, Martin, M · Journal of psychosomatic research · 1996 · DOI
This 1996 study examined whether the extreme tiredness experienced by people with ME/CFS comes from problems in the muscles or the brain's motor control. After reviewing existing research on muscle function and brain activity, the researchers concluded that the fatigue is not caused by physical muscle damage or weakness. Instead, they suggest that the brain may be processing fatigue signals in an unusual way, influenced by how people think about and interpret their symptoms.
This study is foundational in redirecting ME/CFS research away from purely peripheral explanations toward consideration of central nervous system mechanisms. Understanding fatigue perception as potentially influenced by cognitive factors has implications for how patients are evaluated, what symptoms are taken seriously, and what treatments might be investigated.
This study does not prove that ME/CFS fatigue is primarily psychological or 'all in the head.' It does not establish causation or measure cognitive factors directly. The literature-review methodology cannot rule out undiscovered biological mechanisms or demonstrate that cognitive factors are the primary driver rather than a contributing factor in a multifactorial condition.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Fry, A M & Martin, M (1996). Fatigue in the chronic fatigue syndrome: a cognitive phenomenon?. Journal of psychosomatic research. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00190-0
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-fry-1996-fatigue-chronic,
author = {Fry, A M and Martin, M},
title = {Fatigue in the chronic fatigue syndrome: a cognitive phenomenon?},
journal = {Journal of psychosomatic research},
year = {1996},
doi = {10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00190-0},
note = {PubMed: 9032706},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/fry-1996-fatigue-chronic},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/fry-1996-fatigue-chronic
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