Gingaras, Cosmina, Danielson, Bryan P, Vigil, Karen J et al. · PloS one · 2012 · DOI
Researchers tested blood samples from HIV-infected patients, people with both HIV and hepatitis C, and healthy blood donors to see if they carried a virus called XMRV. XMRV had been reported in some ME/CFS patients, so scientists wanted to check if it was more common in people with weakened immune systems. They found virtually no XMRV in any of the blood samples tested, suggesting this virus is not present in these groups.
Early reports linked XMRV to ME/CFS, generating significant patient and research interest. This study addresses whether XMRV is detectable in immunocompromised populations that might be expected to have higher viral loads, helping clarify the true prevalence and clinical relevance of XMRV in human disease.
This study does not prove XMRV never causes ME/CFS or is completely absent from ME/CFS patients—it only tests HIV-infected individuals and blood donors, not ME/CFS cohorts. The cross-reactive antibodies observed suggest possible non-specific immune reactivity, but the study cannot definitively rule out rare XMRV infection. The one positive gag result also suggests complete absence cannot be claimed with absolute certainty.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Gingaras, Cosmina, Danielson, Bryan P, Vigil, Karen J, Vey, Elana, Arduino, Roberto C, & Kimata, Jason T (2012). Absence of XMRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ARV-treatment naïve HIV-1 infected and HIV-1/HCV coinfected individuals and blood donors.. PloS one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031398
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-gingaras-2012-absence-xmrv,
author = {Gingaras, Cosmina and Danielson, Bryan P and Vigil, Karen J and Vey, Elana and Arduino, Roberto C and Kimata, Jason T},
title = {Absence of XMRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ARV-treatment naïve HIV-1 infected and HIV-1/HCV coinfected individuals and blood donors.},
journal = {PloS one},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0031398},
note = {PubMed: 22348082},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/gingaras-2012-absence-xmrv},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-29. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/gingaras-2012-absence-xmrv
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