Leem, Jong Han, Kim, Hwan-Cheol · Environmental analysis, health and toxicology · 2020 · DOI
In 2011, millions of people in South Korea were exposed to toxic chemicals in humidifier disinfectants, which caused widespread illness beyond just lung damage. Researchers found that these chemicals harm the mitochondria—the energy-producing parts of cells—leading to symptoms like chronic fatigue, muscle pain, exercise intolerance, and neurological problems similar to those seen in ME/CFS. This study reviews evidence that mitochondrial damage from chemical exposure may explain why victims developed multi-system health problems.
This study provides a mechanistic framework connecting environmental chemical exposure to multi-system illness with mitochondrial dysfunction at its core—a pathway highly relevant to ME/CFS research. The documented cases of exercise intolerance, myalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome following toxic exposure offer important parallels to ME/CFS symptomatology and may inform understanding of how acquired mitochondrial injury can trigger post-infectious or environmental ME/CFS-like disease.
This study does not prove that mitochondrial dysfunction directly causes ME/CFS or that all ME/CFS cases involve the same toxic mechanisms as HD exposure. The reliance on case reports rather than controlled prospective studies means causality cannot be established, only temporal association. It remains unclear whether mitochondrial changes are primary drivers of illness or secondary consequences of the exposure.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Leem, Jong Han & Kim, Hwan-Cheol (2020). Mitochondria disease due to humidifier disinfectants: diagnostic criteria and its evidences.. Environmental analysis, health and toxicology. https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.e2020007
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-leem-2020-mitochondria-disease,
author = {Leem, Jong Han and Kim, Hwan-Cheol},
title = {Mitochondria disease due to humidifier disinfectants: diagnostic criteria and its evidences.},
journal = {Environmental analysis, health and toxicology},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.5620/eaht.e2020007},
note = {PubMed: 32693559},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/leem-2020-mitochondria-disease},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-26. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/leem-2020-mitochondria-disease
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