Schmaling, K B, Jones, J F · Journal of psychosomatic research · 1996 · DOI
This study examined personality and psychological profiles in 53 ME/CFS patients compared to 43 healthy people using a standard psychological test called the MMPI. Researchers also measured levels of Epstein-Barr virus (a virus often linked to ME/CFS) in all participants. They found that ME/CFS patients showed higher virus levels and distinctive patterns on the psychological test, particularly in areas related to physical symptoms, mood, and anxiety.
This research suggests that ME/CFS involves measurable biological factors (elevated EBV titers) alongside consistent psychological profiles, challenging purely psychiatric explanations. Understanding these patterns may help identify CFS subtypes and guide personalized treatment approaches.
This study does not prove that psychological factors cause ME/CFS, nor that EBV directly causes the illness—it only shows associations. The cross-sectional design cannot establish causality or temporal relationships, and psychological test elevations may reflect the burden of living with chronic illness rather than underlying personality traits.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Schmaling, K B & Jones, J F (1996). MMPI profiles of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.. Journal of psychosomatic research. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(95)00543-9
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-schmaling-1996-mmpi-profiles,
author = {Schmaling, K B and Jones, J F},
title = {MMPI profiles of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.},
journal = {Journal of psychosomatic research},
year = {1996},
doi = {10.1016/0022-3999(95)00543-9},
note = {PubMed: 8730646},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/schmaling-1996-mmpi-profiles},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-29. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/schmaling-1996-mmpi-profiles
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