Wirth, Klaus J, Scheibenbogen, Carmen · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022 · DOI
Many people with post-COVID syndrome experience shortness of breath and chest pain, even though their lungs and heart are typically healthy. This study proposes that the problem may stem from overbreathing (hyperventilation) during exercise, combined with problems in how the body regulates breathing and uses energy in muscles. The authors suggest that overbreathing creates a harmful cascade inside cells—disrupting sodium and calcium balance—which worsens fatigue and breathing difficulties. Preventing overbreathing might be a way to help these patients recover.
This study bridges post-COVID syndrome and ME/CFS by proposing a unifying mechanistic explanation for breathing difficulties and exercise intolerance seen in both conditions. Understanding the cellular basis of hyperventilation-driven pathology could guide development of targeted interventions (such as breathing retraining) that prevent the cascade of sodium and calcium dysregulation. For ME/CFS patients, it offers a testable biological hypothesis that may apply more broadly to post-infectious fatigue syndromes.
This is a theoretical mechanistic review without direct empirical data, so it does not prove these mechanisms actually occur in post-COVID or ME/CFS patients. The study does not demonstrate that preventing hyperventilation will clinically improve patient outcomes. Correlation between proposed mechanisms and symptom severity has not been established in patient populations.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Wirth, Klaus J & Scheibenbogen, Carmen (2022). Dyspnea in Post-COVID Syndrome following Mild Acute COVID-19 Infections: Potential Causes and Consequences for a Therapeutic Approach.. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030419
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-wirth-2022-dyspnea-post,
author = {Wirth, Klaus J and Scheibenbogen, Carmen},
title = {Dyspnea in Post-COVID Syndrome following Mild Acute COVID-19 Infections: Potential Causes and Consequences for a Therapeutic Approach.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.3390/medicina58030419},
note = {PubMed: 35334595},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/wirth-2022-dyspnea-post},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-26. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/wirth-2022-dyspnea-post
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