Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem, Khudhair, Hayder Naji, Ranaei-Siadat, Sayed-Omid et al. · Scientific reports · 2025 · DOI
This study looked at people with Parkinson's disease who also experienced depression and extreme fatigue, similar to ME/CFS. Researchers found that certain proteins in the blood that signal brain cell damage were elevated in these patients, and these proteins were connected to inflammation, blood sugar problems, and the mood and fatigue symptoms they experienced.
This research is relevant to ME/CFS because it identifies a potential biological mechanism linking neuroinflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and fatigue/mood symptoms. The findings suggest that measuring serum brain injury markers and metabolic parameters may help understand ME/CFS pathophysiology and could inform future biomarker-driven treatment strategies.
This study does not prove that the identified biomarkers cause fatigue and mood symptoms—only that they are associated. The study focused on Parkinson's disease patients, not ME/CFS patients, so direct applicability to ME/CFS remains uncertain. Cross-sectional design prevents determination of temporal relationships and causality.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem, Khudhair, Hayder Naji, Ranaei-Siadat, Sayed-Omid, Fatemi, Fataneh, Mirzajani, Fateme, Niu, Mengqi, et al. (2025). Affective and chronic fatigue symptoms are associated with serum neuronal damage markers in Parkinson's disease.. Scientific reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07735-7
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-al-hakeim-2025-affective-chronic,
author = {Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem and Khudhair, Hayder Naji and Ranaei-Siadat, Sayed-Omid and Fatemi, Fataneh and Mirzajani, Fateme and Niu, Mengqi and Maes, Michael},
title = {Affective and chronic fatigue symptoms are associated with serum neuronal damage markers in Parkinson's disease.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-07735-7},
note = {PubMed: 40596358},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/al-hakeim-2025-affective-chronic},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/al-hakeim-2025-affective-chronic
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