Amel Kashipaz, M R, Swinden, D, Todd, I et al. · Clinical and experimental immunology · 2003 · DOI
Researchers tested whether immune system cells from ME/CFS and fibromyalgia patients produce abnormal levels of inflammatory chemicals called cytokines. Using advanced microscopy techniques to examine individual immune cells, they found that cytokine production was normal in patients compared to healthy controls. This suggests that abnormal cytokine production may not be the main cause of these conditions.
This study addresses conflicting findings in the literature about immune dysfunction in ME/CFS by using a more precise single-cell technique (flow cytometry) rather than aggregate measurement methods. Understanding whether cytokine abnormalities drive ME/CFS symptoms is crucial for identifying targeted treatments and distinguishing ME/CFS from other inflammatory conditions.
This study does not prove that immune dysfunction plays no role in ME/CFS—it only suggests cytokine dysregulation is not a dominant factor in this specific pathway. It also does not exclude abnormalities in other immune mechanisms (T-cell function, complement activation, viral reactivation) or other biological systems. The findings reflect cytokine production at a single time point and may not capture dynamic changes throughout illness or in response to post-exertional malaise.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Amel Kashipaz, M R, Swinden, D, Todd, I, & Powell, R J (2003). Normal production of inflammatory cytokines in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes determined by intracellular cytokine staining in short-term cultured blood mononuclear cells.. Clinical and experimental immunology. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02149.x
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-amel-kashipaz-2003-normal-production,
author = {Amel Kashipaz, M R and Swinden, D and Todd, I and Powell, R J},
title = {Normal production of inflammatory cytokines in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes determined by intracellular cytokine staining in short-term cultured blood mononuclear cells.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental immunology},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02149.x},
note = {PubMed: 12699429},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/amel-kashipaz-2003-normal-production},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/amel-kashipaz-2003-normal-production
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