Carod-Artal, F J · Revista de neurologia · 2021 · DOI
Many people who have had COVID-19, even mild cases, don't fully recover and experience long-lasting symptoms for months afterward. This article reviews what we know about post-COVID-19 syndrome, including who gets it, what symptoms they have, and what might be causing it. Common symptoms include fatigue, breathing problems, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, and depression. The exact biological reasons why this happens are still unknown, though experts think abnormal immune and inflammatory responses may play a role.
This study is important because it highlights the clinical and epidemiological overlap between post-COVID-19 syndrome and ME/CFS, particularly regarding fatigue, neurocognitive dysfunction, and fluctuating symptom patterns. Understanding post-COVID-19 as a post-viral condition with potential immune and inflammatory drivers may provide insights into ME/CFS pathophysiology. Recognition that post-COVID-19 affects patients across severity spectrums supports the need for improved diagnostic frameworks applicable to both conditions.
This editorial review does not establish causality for any proposed mechanisms—it only identifies inflammation and autoimmunity as suspected contributors based on existing evidence. The study does not present original research data, primary outcomes, or controlled comparisons, so it cannot definitively prove any specific pathogenic pathway. The wide prevalence range (10–65%) and lack of standardized diagnostic criteria mean the actual prevalence and natural history remain uncertain.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Carod-Artal, F J (2021). Post-COVID-19 syndrome: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved.. Revista de neurologia. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7211.2021230
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-carod-artal-2021-post-covid,
author = {Carod-Artal, F J},
title = {Post-COVID-19 syndrome: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved.},
journal = {Revista de neurologia},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.33588/rn.7211.2021230},
note = {PubMed: 34042167},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/carod-artal-2021-post-covid},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/carod-artal-2021-post-covid
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