Farmer, A, Jones, I, Hillier, J et al. · The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 1995 · DOI
This study examined psychiatric conditions in people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) using standardized diagnostic interviews. Most CFS patients met criteria for a condition called neuraesthenia (an older term for nerve exhaustion) and had higher rates of depression, anxiety, and sleep problems compared to healthy people. Interestingly, when researchers followed patients over about 11 months without giving specific treatment, some psychiatric symptoms improved on their own, while the core fatigue condition remained.
This study clarifies that elevated psychiatric symptoms in CFS patients are common but not necessarily permanent or definitional to the illness itself—some remit spontaneously without treatment. Understanding this distinction is crucial for reducing stigma around CFS, validating patients' experiences, and avoiding the misattribution of CFS to psychiatric causes alone.
This study does not prove that psychiatric symptoms cause CFS, nor does it demonstrate that treating psychiatric comorbidity will resolve fatigue or other core CFS symptoms. The observation of spontaneous remission of some psychiatric diagnoses does not establish causality or imply that the underlying disease mechanism is psychiatric in origin.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Farmer, A, Jones, I, Hillier, J, Llewelyn, M, Borysiewicz, L, & Smith, A (1995). Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects.. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.4.503
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-farmer-1995-neuraesthenia-revisited,
author = {Farmer, A and Jones, I and Hillier, J and Llewelyn, M and Borysiewicz, L and Smith, A},
title = {Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects.},
journal = {The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science},
year = {1995},
doi = {10.1192/bjp.167.4.503},
note = {PubMed: 8829720},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/farmer-1995-neuraesthenia-revisited},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/farmer-1995-neuraesthenia-revisited
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