Khaiboullina, Svetlana F, DeMeirleir, Kenny L, Rawat, Shanti et al. · Cytokine · 2015 · DOI
This study looked at chemical messengers in the blood called cytokines to understand Gulf War illness (GWI) and ME/CFS better. Researchers found that certain cytokines could identify ME/CFS patients very well, but were less reliable for GWI patients. The findings suggest that while GWI and ME/CFS share many similar symptoms, they may have different underlying immune system problems.
This study addresses a critical gap in understanding whether GWI and ME/CFS are the same disease or distinct conditions with different biological mechanisms. Identifying distinct immune profiles could lead to separate diagnostic tests and tailored treatments for each condition, improving clinical management for both populations.
This study does not establish that cytokine differences cause GWI or ME/CFS symptoms, only that associations exist. The relatively low specificity for GWI suggests these particular cytokines may not be reliable biomarkers for GWI diagnosis in clinical practice. The cross-sectional design cannot determine whether cytokine changes precede symptom onset or result from the disease process.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Khaiboullina, Svetlana F, DeMeirleir, Kenny L, Rawat, Shanti, Berk, Grady S, Gaynor-Berk, Rory S, Mijatovic, Tatjana, et al. (2015). Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis.. Cytokine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-khaiboullina-2015-cytokine-expression,
author = {Khaiboullina, Svetlana F and DeMeirleir, Kenny L and Rawat, Shanti and Berk, Grady S and Gaynor-Berk, Rory S and Mijatovic, Tatjana and Blatt, Natalia and Rizvanov, Albert A and Young, Sheila G and Lombardi, Vincent C},
title = {Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis.},
journal = {Cytokine},
year = {2015},
doi = {10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019},
note = {PubMed: 25514671},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/khaiboullina-2015-cytokine-expression},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-26. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/khaiboullina-2015-cytokine-expression
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