Panay, N, Studd, J W · Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology · 1998 · DOI
This review examines how estrogen, a hormone in women's bodies, may affect mood, thinking ability, and symptoms of depression. The authors found that estrogen therapy can help treat depression and improve memory in some women, and that early research suggests it might also help with fatigue and mood in women with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
This is one of the early publications recognizing a potential connection between estrogen and ME/CFS symptoms in women. For ME/CFS patients—particularly women experiencing mood or cognitive difficulties—this work suggests a hormone-related avenue that warrants further investigation, especially given the higher prevalence of ME/CFS in women.
This review does not establish that estrogen therapy is an effective treatment for ME/CFS itself, only that some evidence suggests mood benefits in women with chronic fatigue. The study does not provide controlled trial data, cannot determine causation, and the ME/CFS reference is limited to a brief mention of 'recent work' without detailed mechanistic explanation. The review predates modern understanding of ME/CFS pathophysiology.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Panay, N & Studd, J W (1998). The psychotherapeutic effects of estrogens.. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513599809012838
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-panay-1998-psychotherapeutic-effects,
author = {Panay, N and Studd, J W},
title = {The psychotherapeutic effects of estrogens.},
journal = {Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology},
year = {1998},
doi = {10.3109/09513599809012838},
note = {PubMed: 9859029},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/panay-1998-psychotherapeutic-effects},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-25. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/panay-1998-psychotherapeutic-effects
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