Sowers, Kerri L, Gayda-Chelder, Christine A, Galantino, Mary Lou · Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2020 · DOI
This study looked at whether people with Primary Immunodeficiency Disease (PID)—a condition where the immune system doesn't work properly—experience brain fog or memory problems. Researchers asked 292 people with PID to fill out surveys about their memory, mood, and anxiety. They found that people with PID reported significantly more memory problems and higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to people without these conditions.
This study is relevant to ME/CFS research because both PID and ME/CFS are conditions where immune dysregulation may contribute to cognitive symptoms (brain fog). Understanding cognitive impairment patterns across different immune-mediated conditions could reveal common biological mechanisms underlying 'brain fog' and inform strategies for assessment and management in ME/CFS populations.
This study does not prove that immune dysfunction directly causes cognitive impairment—it only documents that people with PID report memory problems at higher rates. The strong association with anxiety and depression suggests mood disorders may partially explain perceived cognitive difficulties rather than representing independent neurological impairment. The cross-sectional design cannot establish temporal relationships or causality.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Sowers, Kerri L, Gayda-Chelder, Christine A, & Galantino, Mary Lou (2020). Self-reported cognitive impairment in individuals with Primary Immunodeficiency Disease.. Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100170
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-sowers-2020-self-reported,
author = {Sowers, Kerri L and Gayda-Chelder, Christine A and Galantino, Mary Lou},
title = {Self-reported cognitive impairment in individuals with Primary Immunodeficiency Disease.},
journal = {Brain, behavior, & immunity - health},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100170},
note = {PubMed: 34589905},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/sowers-2020-self-reported},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/sowers-2020-self-reported
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