Swanink, C M, Stolk-Engelaar, V M, van der Meer, J W et al. · The Journal of infection · 1998 · DOI
This study looked for signs that a bacterium called Yersinia enterocolitica might cause ME/CFS by testing blood samples from 88 ME/CFS patients and 77 healthy people. Researchers found that antibodies (immune markers) to this bacterium were equally common in both groups, suggesting this particular infection is unlikely to be a major cause of ME/CFS.
Identifying infectious triggers has been central to ME/CFS research, and ruling out specific pathogens helps focus investigation on more plausible causative mechanisms. This work contributes to the evidence base preventing unnecessary directed antimicrobial therapies in ME/CFS patients.
This study does not prove Yersinia plays no role in any ME/CFS subset, nor does it exclude other bacterial or viral cofactors. The cross-sectional serological design cannot establish temporal relationships or distinguish past from persistent infection definitively. Negative results in one population do not universally apply to all ME/CFS cohorts.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Swanink, C M, Stolk-Engelaar, V M, van der Meer, J W, Vercoulen, J H, Bleijenberg, G, Fennis, J F, et al. (1998). Yersinia enterocolitica and the chronic fatigue syndrome.. The Journal of infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(98)94099-3
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-swanink-1998-yersinia-enterocolitica,
author = {Swanink, C M and Stolk-Engelaar, V M and van der Meer, J W and Vercoulen, J H and Bleijenberg, G and Fennis, J F and Galama, J M and Hoogkamp-Korstanje, J A},
title = {Yersinia enterocolitica and the chronic fatigue syndrome.},
journal = {The Journal of infection},
year = {1998},
doi = {10.1016/s0163-4453(98)94099-3},
note = {PubMed: 9661935},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/swanink-1998-yersinia-enterocolitica},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/swanink-1998-yersinia-enterocolitica
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