Vercoulen, J H, Swanink, C M, Galama, J M et al. · Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde · 1991
This 1991 study examined whether psychological and social factors might explain chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The researchers looked at how mental health, stress, and life circumstances could contribute to the persistent exhaustion and illness that defines ME/CFS.
This study is historically important for understanding how ME/CFS was conceptualized in the early 1990s. It represents a period when the field was still debating disease mechanisms, and examining this work helps patients and researchers understand how scientific understanding has evolved based on subsequent biological discoveries.
This theoretical paper does not prove that ME/CFS is primarily a psychological disorder. It does not establish causation between psychological factors and ME/CFS, nor does it rule out or define the biomedical mechanisms—such as immune dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, or post-infectious changes—that research has since identified as central to the condition.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Vercoulen, J H, Swanink, C M, Galama, J M, Fennis, J F, van der Meer, J W, & Bleijenberg, G (1991). [Chronic fatigue syndrome. II. Psychosocial hypothesis].. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1944666/
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-vercoulen-1991-chronic-fatigue,
author = {Vercoulen, J H and Swanink, C M and Galama, J M and Fennis, J F and van der Meer, J W and Bleijenberg, G},
title = {[Chronic fatigue syndrome. II. Psychosocial hypothesis].},
journal = {Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde},
year = {1991},
note = {PubMed: 1944666},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/vercoulen-1991-chronic-fatigue},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-28. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/vercoulen-1991-chronic-fatigue
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