Kipen, H M, Hallman, W, Kang, H et al. · Archives of environmental health · 1999 · DOI
This study looked at symptoms reported by Gulf War veterans to see how many experienced chronic fatigue and chemical sensitivities. Researchers found that about 16% of veterans met the standard criteria for ME/CFS, about 13% had multiple chemical sensitivities, and a small percentage had both conditions. The findings suggest these conditions were common among Gulf War veterans, though the study was based only on questionnaire responses rather than medical exams.
This study is among the first to formally document that ME/CFS and MCS affect a substantial proportion of Gulf War veterans, establishing that these conditions are not rare in this population. The findings have helped legitimize investigation into Gulf War Illness and its overlap with recognized post-exposure syndromes, contributing to broader understanding of how environmental exposures may trigger ME/CFS-like illnesses.
This study does not prove that Gulf War service *caused* ME/CFS or MCS, only that both conditions are prevalent in veterans who served. The cross-sectional design captures a single point in time and cannot establish causality or the temporal relationship between service and illness onset. The lack of a control group (non-deployed veterans or general population) prevents determination of whether prevalence rates are elevated compared to baseline.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Kipen, H M, Hallman, W, Kang, H, Fiedler, N, & Natelson, B H (1999). Prevalence of chronic fatigue and chemical sensitivities in Gulf Registry Veterans.. Archives of environmental health. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899909602493
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-kipen-1999-prevalence-chronic,
author = {Kipen, H M and Hallman, W and Kang, H and Fiedler, N and Natelson, B H},
title = {Prevalence of chronic fatigue and chemical sensitivities in Gulf Registry Veterans.},
journal = {Archives of environmental health},
year = {1999},
doi = {10.1080/00039899909602493},
note = {PubMed: 10501146},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/kipen-1999-prevalence-chronic},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/kipen-1999-prevalence-chronic
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