Liao, Daoyong, Su, Xiaoling, Wang, Jingyun et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2023 · DOI
This review examines how a molecule called MALP-2, derived from a bacterium linked to ME/CFS, affects the immune system. Researchers found that MALP-2 can activate immune cells in ways that might help fight infections and heal tissues. The molecule is simple to make and could potentially be developed into treatments for various conditions.
Understanding the immune mechanisms triggered by Mycoplasma fermentans—a pathogen that has been hypothesized to contribute to ME/CFS—could illuminate how certain infections trigger prolonged immune dysfunction in ME/CFS patients. This review identifies MALP-2 as a potential therapeutic target or vaccine component, offering a mechanistic foundation for developing treatments that might address both infection-related and immune-mediated aspects of ME/CFS.
This review does not provide clinical evidence that MALP-2-based therapies improve ME/CFS outcomes in patients, nor does it establish that Mycoplasma fermentans is a definitive cause of ME/CFS. The study presents mechanistic potential in isolated immune cell models and animal studies without demonstrating efficacy, safety, or applicability in human ME/CFS populations.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Liao, Daoyong, Su, Xiaoling, Wang, Jingyun, Yu, Jianwei, Luo, Haodang, Tian, Wei, et al. (2023). Pushing the envelope: Immune mechanism and application landscape of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2.. Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113715
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-liao-2023-pushing-envelope,
author = {Liao, Daoyong and Su, Xiaoling and Wang, Jingyun and Yu, Jianwei and Luo, Haodang and Tian, Wei and Ye, Zufeng and He, Jun},
title = {Pushing the envelope: Immune mechanism and application landscape of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113715},
note = {PubMed: 36761746},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/liao-2023-pushing-envelope},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-29. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/liao-2023-pushing-envelope
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