Maes, Michael, Mihaylova, Ivana, Kubera, Marta et al. · Journal of affective disorders · 2011 · DOI
This study looked at whether depression involves the immune system attacking the body's own molecules that have been damaged by stress and inflammation. Researchers compared antibody levels in 26 depressed patients and 17 healthy controls, finding that depressed patients had significantly higher levels of immune proteins attacking several molecular targets. These autoimmune responses were linked to fatigue and flu-like symptoms, suggesting a biological pathway that may connect depression, immune dysfunction, and physical exhaustion.
ME/CFS shares overlapping features with depression including fatigue, somatic symptoms, and potential autoimmune dysregulation. This study's identification of specific autoimmune responses targeting stress-damaged molecules provides a mechanistic framework that may help explain shared pathophysiology between depression and ME/CFS, particularly the role of oxidative stress and autoimmunity in perpetuating fatigue and systemic symptoms.
This study demonstrates association between depression and specific autoimmune responses but does not establish whether these antibodies are causal or merely markers of underlying oxidative stress. The cross-sectional design cannot determine whether autoimmunity precedes or follows depression onset. The study was conducted in depressed patients without ME/CFS diagnostic criteria, so findings may not directly apply to ME/CFS populations.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Maes, Michael, Mihaylova, Ivana, Kubera, Marta, Leunis, Jean-Claude, & Geffard, Michel (2011). IgM-mediated autoimmune responses directed against multiple neoepitopes in depression: new pathways that underpin the inflammatory and neuroprogressive pathophysiology.. Journal of affective disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.023
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-maes-2011-igm-mediated,
author = {Maes, Michael and Mihaylova, Ivana and Kubera, Marta and Leunis, Jean-Claude and Geffard, Michel},
title = {IgM-mediated autoimmune responses directed against multiple neoepitopes in depression: new pathways that underpin the inflammatory and neuroprogressive pathophysiology.},
journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
year = {2011},
doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.023},
note = {PubMed: 21930301},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/maes-2011-igm-mediated},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-27. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/maes-2011-igm-mediated
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