Russell, I J, Vipraio, G A, Michalek, J E et al. · Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 1999 · DOI
This study examined immune system cells in people with fibromyalgia and compared them to healthy people. Researchers gave some fibromyalgia patients very small doses of interferon-alpha (a substance the body makes to fight infections) under the tongue for 6 weeks, while others received placebo. The study found some changes in certain immune cells, but the results did not show the same type of immune system abnormalities that have been found in chronic fatigue syndrome patients.
This study is relevant to ME/CFS research because it directly compares immune abnormalities between fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, two conditions often confused clinically. Understanding whether these conditions have distinct immunological profiles helps clarify their biological basis and may guide different treatment approaches. The findings suggest that ME/CFS and fibromyalgia may have different underlying immune mechanisms, which has implications for diagnosis and targeted therapy.
This study does not prove that fibromyalgia and ME/CFS have no overlapping immune abnormalities—only that the specific lymphocyte markers examined differed between these groups in this particular population. It does not demonstrate that low-dose interferon-alpha is an effective treatment for fibromyalgia, as clinical outcomes and symptom improvement were not reported. The 6-week timeframe is relatively short and may not capture longer-term immune or clinical changes.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Russell, I J, Vipraio, G A, Michalek, J E, Craig, F E, Kang, Y K, & Richards, A B (1999). Lymphocyte markers and natural killer cell activity in fibromyalgia syndrome: effects of low-dose, sublingual use of human interferon-alpha.. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. https://doi.org/10.1089/107999099313523
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-russell-1999-lymphocyte-markers,
author = {Russell, I J and Vipraio, G A and Michalek, J E and Craig, F E and Kang, Y K and Richards, A B},
title = {Lymphocyte markers and natural killer cell activity in fibromyalgia syndrome: effects of low-dose, sublingual use of human interferon-alpha.},
journal = {Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research},
year = {1999},
doi = {10.1089/107999099313523},
note = {PubMed: 10476945},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/russell-1999-lymphocyte-markers},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/russell-1999-lymphocyte-markers
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