Torres-Harding, Susan, Sorenson, Matthew, Jason, Leonard A et al. · Bulletin of the IACFS/ME · 2008
This study looked at immune system differences in people with ME/CFS by measuring two types of immune cells called Th1 and Th2. Researchers found that people with ME/CFS who had a stronger shift toward Th2 immune responses also reported worse sleep quality and had higher stress hormone levels in their saliva. This suggests that immune system imbalances might be connected to some of the troubling symptoms people with ME/CFS experience.
Understanding immune dysfunction in ME/CFS is crucial for developing targeted treatments. This study provides empirical evidence linking specific immune imbalances to measurable clinical symptoms, particularly sleep disruption and stress hormone dysregulation, which are hallmark features of the disease. Identifying immunological markers associated with symptom severity could help explain disease mechanisms and guide future therapeutic approaches.
This study does not prove that Th2 shift causes ME/CFS symptoms; it only shows these factors occur together. The cross-sectional design cannot establish causality or determine whether immune changes precede symptoms, follow them, or both. The findings also do not address whether this immune pattern is specific to CFS or occurs in other conditions.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Torres-Harding, Susan, Sorenson, Matthew, Jason, Leonard A, Maher, Kevin, & Fletcher, Mary Ann (2008). Evidence for T-helper 2 shift and association with illness parameters in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).. Bulletin of the IACFS/ME. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21234277/
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-torres-harding-2008-evidence-helper,
author = {Torres-Harding, Susan and Sorenson, Matthew and Jason, Leonard A and Maher, Kevin and Fletcher, Mary Ann},
title = {Evidence for T-helper 2 shift and association with illness parameters in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).},
journal = {Bulletin of the IACFS/ME},
year = {2008},
note = {PubMed: 21234277},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/torres-harding-2008-evidence-helper},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-26. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/torres-harding-2008-evidence-helper
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