Vermeulen, Ruud C W, Scholte, Hans R · Journal of translational medicine · 2006 · DOI
This study looked at whether azithromycin, an antibiotic with immune-modulating properties, could help ME/CFS patients. Researchers reviewed medical records from 99 patients who tried azithromycin after other treatments weren't sufficient. About 58 patients (roughly 59%) reported feeling better, and these responders had lower levels of a substance called acetylcarnitine in their blood.
This study provides preliminary evidence that a subset of ME/CFS patients with specific immune and metabolic markers may benefit from azithromycin treatment. Identifying which patients respond and understanding the underlying mechanism—potentially related to oxidative stress and acetylcarnitine metabolism—could guide more personalized treatment strategies.
This retrospective study cannot prove azithromycin is an effective treatment because there was no control group or placebo comparison. The design cannot establish causation—lower acetylcarnitine may be a marker of who responds, not a cause of the response. Results may reflect patient reporting bias or selection bias, since patients self-determined whether treatment was 'sufficient.'
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Vermeulen, Ruud C W & Scholte, Hans R (2006). Azithromycin in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), an analysis of clinical data.. Journal of translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-4-34
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-vermeulen-2006-azithromycin-chronic,
author = {Vermeulen, Ruud C W and Scholte, Hans R},
title = {Azithromycin in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), an analysis of clinical data.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
year = {2006},
doi = {10.1186/1479-5876-4-34},
note = {PubMed: 16911783},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/vermeulen-2006-azithromycin-chronic},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-27. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/vermeulen-2006-azithromycin-chronic
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