Wakefield, D, Lloyd, A, Brockman, A · The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 1990
This study examined whether people with ME/CFS have unusual patterns in their antibodies—proteins the immune system makes to fight infection. Researchers looked at different types of antibodies in ME/CFS patients compared to healthy people. The findings suggested that ME/CFS patients may have immune system imbalances that differ from the general population.
Understanding immune system dysfunction in ME/CFS is crucial for developing diagnostic tests and treatments. Early research linking antibody abnormalities to ME/CFS helped establish that this is a biological illness with measurable immune changes, validating patient experiences and supporting the search for objective diagnostic markers.
This study does not prove that immunoglobulin abnormalities cause ME/CFS or that they are unique to this condition. Observational findings show association, not causation, and results from 1990 require confirmation with larger, modern studies using contemporary methods. The study cannot establish whether these immune changes are primary drivers of illness or secondary responses to chronic infection.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Wakefield, D, Lloyd, A, & Brockman, A (1990). Immunoglobulin subclass abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.. The Pediatric infectious disease journal. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2216608/
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-wakefield-1990-immunoglobulin-subclass,
author = {Wakefield, D and Lloyd, A and Brockman, A},
title = {Immunoglobulin subclass abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.},
journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal},
year = {1990},
note = {PubMed: 2216608},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/wakefield-1990-immunoglobulin-subclass},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-30. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/wakefield-1990-immunoglobulin-subclass
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