Zhou, Yanchen, Steffen, Imke, Montalvo, Leilani et al. · Transfusion · 2012 · DOI
Researchers developed a new test to look for viruses called XMRV and related MLVs in blood donors, since these viruses had been suggested as possible causes of ME/CFS. They tested 354 blood samples and found that about 6.5% showed some ability to block the virus in the lab, but when they did more detailed testing, they found no actual virus or antibodies against it—suggesting the blocking was likely due to something other than a real infection.
This study is important because it directly tested whether XMRV/MLV is present in the general blood donor population—a finding that had raised concerns about transfusion safety and ME/CFS etiology. The use of a validated, high-throughput screening method helps clarify the prevalence (or absence) of these viruses in asymptomatic individuals, which informs both blood safety policy and the broader question of whether XMRV plays a role in ME/CFS.
This study does not prove that XMRV or MLV are absent from all ME/CFS patients; it only examines blood donors, who may be a different population. The absence of virus in this particular cohort does not rule out XMRV involvement in ME/CFS, nor does it establish whether reported prevalence rates in other studies were due to contamination or methodological artifacts. The study is also limited to serological markers and does not directly prove the virus was never present.
About the PEM badge: “PEM required” means post-exertional malaise was an explicit required diagnostic criterion for participant inclusion in this study — not that PEM was studied, observed, or discussed. Studies using criteria that do not require PEM (e.g. Fukuda, Oxford) are tagged “PEM not required”. How the atlas works →
The first block is for the primary paper and is the citation you should use in research work. The atlas-snapshot line only applies if you are specifically referring to this atlas’s reading of the paper on the date shown.
Primary citation
Zhou, Yanchen, Steffen, Imke, Montalvo, Leilani, Lee, Tzong-Hae, Zemel, Reeve, Switzer, William M, et al. (2012). Development and application of a high-throughput microneutralization assay: lack of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and/or murine leukemia virus detection in blood donors.. Transfusion. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03519.x
BibTeX
@article{mecfsatlas-zhou-2012-development-application,
author = {Zhou, Yanchen and Steffen, Imke and Montalvo, Leilani and Lee, Tzong-Hae and Zemel, Reeve and Switzer, William M and Tang, Shaohua and Jia, Hongwei and Heneine, Walid and Winkelman, Valerie and Tailor, Chetankumar S and Ikeda, Yasuhiro and Simmons, Graham},
title = {Development and application of a high-throughput microneutralization assay: lack of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and/or murine leukemia virus detection in blood donors.},
journal = {Transfusion},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03519.x},
note = {PubMed: 22239212},
url = {https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/zhou-2012-development-application},
}Atlas snapshot reference
ME/CFS Atlas. Generator v1 / Scanner v1.4 / policy v0.1. Accessed 2026-05-26. https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/zhou-2012-development-application
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