Sex- and menopause-related differences in immune and gastrointestinal symptom architecture in ME/CFS: evidence from factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
Habermann-Horstmeier, Lotte, Horstmeier, Lukas M·Journal of translational medicine·2026
This study examined how immune and gut symptoms are organized differently in women and men with ME/CFS, and whether menopause affects these patterns. Researchers analyzed data from 748 people with ME/CFS and observed that women tend to have two somewhat separate symptom clusters (immune-related and gut-related), while men showed these symptoms more integrated together. Among women, flu-like symptoms were reported more frequently before menopause than after, while gut symptoms remained stable across menopause. These are early findings from a single cross-sectional analysis and require confirmation in future studies.